Baroness Boycott
To ask His Majesty’s Government what steps they are taking to reduce plastic pollution; and what plans they have to set binding targets for that reduction.
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Baroness Hayman of Ullock) (Lab)
My Lords, this Government have taken decisive action to tackle plastic pollution. We banned single-use vapes from June 2025 and will ban plastic wet wipes from spring 2027. We have introduced extended producer responsibility for packaging, implemented simpler recycling reforms, and our deposit return scheme launches in 2027. In addition, we will soon publish a circular economy growth plan for England, which will include opportunities for the chemicals and plastics sector, and we are actively pursuing an ambitious global plastic pollution treaty.
Baroness Boycott (CB)
I thank the Minister very much—a lot of that is very encouraging, but at the moment only 9% of plastic waste is ever recycled. The majority is incinerated, landfilled or exported to other countries with weak regulation. The industry treats the plastic packaging tax as a routine cost. So can the Minister explain how strong the extended producer responsibility will be, because, if we do it fully, we can get companies to change the content of plastic, making it better for society and better to recycle. For instance, in the USA, a box of Subway wrappers at the moment costs the company $50, and if the EPR were fully implemented, it would be $49. However, if it used a natural polymer, the EPR would drop to $5. So, much as with the sugar tax, we can get people to reformulate if we do it fully and hard. That, I am not sure about yet.
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
The noble Baroness makes a really important point. If we are going to bring in such reforms, we have to make sure that they will do what we want them to do, and therefore we have to work very closely with business. The EPR for packaging is now live and, from year 2 of the scheme, packaging disposal fees will be modulated so that more readily recyclable packaging will cost less and harder-to-recycle packaging will cost more, because that is the direction we want to drive things in. We are trying to create a direct financial incentive for businesses to reduce non-recyclable plastic packaging and switch to more recyclable alternatives. As part of that, clearly, we need to monitor how well it is operating and how well we are delivering it. It is important to take into account what the noble Baroness talks about within that process.
Baroness Grender (LD)
My Lords, is the Minister aware that eight out of 10 of the top councils for recycling in England are led by the Liberal Democrats? Would it surprise her to learn that Green-led councils are not even in the top 20? Mid Suffolk, the Greens’ only majority council, comes in at 162, and when they controlled Brighton, it was one of the worst in the country.
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
I am quite shocked to hear that the Greens are not as good as we would have expected them to be. I am sure the noble Baroness opposite may have something further to say on that.
Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb (GP)
Actually, that is just mean and I am going to say something else. I am sure the Minister knows that there is accumulating medical evidence of the damage to human health done by microplastics—impaired immune systems, cell damage, affected metabolic systems and so on—so getting this done quite quickly is important. Will the Minister make a recommendation to No. 10 to take on the noble Baroness, Lady Boycott, as an adviser, because she seems to know what she is talking about?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
I certainly agree that the noble Baroness, Lady Boycott, knows what she is talking about. She has spoken authoritatively and knowledgeably on this for many years. But the noble Baroness is absolutely right to talk about microbeads and microplastics. As I said, we will publish our circular economy growth plan fairly soon. We need to ensure that we tackle the issue of microbeads and microplastics.
Baroness Brown of Cambridge (CB)
My Lords, disused fast food containers contribute significantly to litter and plastic pollution, as we know. Can the Minister review the definition of “natural polymer” used in the plastic packaging tax to accelerate the use of natural polymers beyond cellulose—the only natural polymer defined in the tax—in food packaging, to make it more fully recyclable?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
The noble Baroness makes a really good point. One thing that is often confusing about recycling and composting is definitions, what the material does and how it breaks down. She makes extremely good points, and I will take them back to the department.
Lord Sikka (Lab)
My Lords, an enduring legacy of the last Government is potholed roads in every city, town and street. This can be fixed by partially replacing bitumen with plastic waste, which makes roads cheaper, smoother and more durable. Can the Minister say what proportion of plastic waste is recycled for road building and what plans the Government have to encourage its greater use?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
I have to admit that I have absolutely no idea what proportion is used, but I think it is really exciting. There is a huge opportunity here. I know it is something that the Department for Transport has been looking at; I know it is something that certain local authorities have been looking at, and I think it is something we need to investigate further.
Lord Roborough (Con)
My Lords, our country is reliant on exporting plastic waste, yet it has been reported that 21 plastic recycling and processing factories across the UK have closed down in the past two years. What steps are the Government taking to reduce exports of plastic waste and support investment and jobs here in the UK?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
I am sure the noble Lord is aware that plastic waste exports are subject to pretty strict rules that are set out in existing legislation, but it is important that we continue to review this because we need to make sure that we improve the way we manage our waste and our recycling. Our focus is on ensuring that the plastic waste that we export is treated appropriately and that there is a level playing field for domestic recycling. We are consulting on potential further reforms to the PRN system and looking at measures to create that level playing field between UK domestic reprocessors and exporters and, importantly, to reduce the risk of fraud and error.
Baroness Sheehan (LD)
My Lords, what progress are the Government making in revising school uniform policy to require PFAS-free alternatives so as to allow families to buy from suppliers that are known to avoid PFAS-based finishes?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
I am sure the noble Baroness is aware that we published our PFAS plan in February. That sets out, for the first time ever, how government is going to minimise the harmful effects of PFAS. We need to look at how we can move to safer alternatives while continuing to monitor any detrimental effects. It is very important with clothes for children, for example, that we do not cause any harms.
Baroness Hooper (Con)
My Lords, is the Minister able to tell us whether the Government are supporting the women’s institute’s splendid initiative on microplastics, which is a campaign to ensure that special filters are fitted to all washing machines to avoid the reproduction of these microplastic elements?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
The noble Baroness has taught me something: I was not aware of that campaign. The women’s institute is a splendid organisation, and I am very glad that she has drawn my attention to that. We are really keen to work in this area and to look at alternative ways, as I have just said, to reduce microplastics in particular, which obviously leach into the water system through clothes in washing machines. I will look into this further and I thank her for drawing it to my attention.
Lord Cromwell (CB)
My Lords, does the Minister agree that one of the biggest practical difficulties in all this is separating plastic from general waste? Are the Government going to get involved in incentivising the earlier separation of plastic from general waste?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
The noble Lord is right. Of course, another issue is inconsistency across the country as to how that is done, which can confuse people when they are staying in other places. The key to resolving that issue is the work that we are doing with local authorities, because this is a local authority responsibility. The Government need to work with local authorities so that they have the resources and the powers that they need to make this work effectively.
Baroness Jones of Moulsecoomb (GP)
My Lords, further to my earlier question about microplastics and human health, this could cost the NHS a huge amount of money, so it is quite an urgent matter. Will the noble Baroness take that message back to No. 10 as well, please?
Baroness Hayman of Ullock (Lab)
One of the things we are doing is working much better across departments, including with the NHS, so I will ensure that it is aware of the noble Baroness’s concerns specifically on this issue.